The Hundred Years’ War

The Hundred Years’ War – How a Century of Conflict Shaped England and France

For over a century, England and France clashed in a brutal struggle known as the Hundred Years’ War. This series of battles, alliances, and betrayals defined the course of both nations. More than just a military conflict, it reshaped economies, royal power, and national identities. The war’s outcome would leave lasting effects on the political

The Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution: The First Successful Slave Rebellion

In the late 18th century, Saint-Domingue was one of France’s most prosperous colonies, producing vast amounts of sugar, coffee, and other lucrative crops. This wealth was built on the backbreaking labor of enslaved Africans, who comprised the majority of the population. The social hierarchy in Saint-Domingue was sharply divided: Grand Blancs: Wealthy white plantation owners

French Political Power

The Transformation of French Political Power during the 1789 Revolution

1789: French Art During the Revolution Before the Revolution, French political power was rooted in a hierarchical structure known as the “Ancien Régime” (Old Regime), in which authority was centralized under an absolute monarch and society was divided into three estates. The First Estate comprised the clergy, who held significant influence over education and morality,